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Name: Shane Walker
Email:shanexwalkersos@gmail.com
Location: Sydney, Australia
Date: Monday, February 15, 2010 at 07:26:25
Comments: I enjoyed your site. My dog, however, thought it was a bit rough to browse through. ; )

-Shane Walker (Sydney Ranger)

shanexwalkersos@gmail.com

Name: Boooby von BOOBS
Location: boobs, boobs boobs
Date: Thursday, December 17, 2009 at 23:01:52
Comments: I would just like to say BOOBS!

Name: Does anyone censored check this site
Email:Siobhan@capesoft.com
Location: Ban, this censored ip address
Date: Monday, November 16, 2009 at 22:43:44
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Name: Alex Beyer
Email:Siobhan@capesoft.com
Location: Seriously, ban this ip address
Date: Monday, November 16, 2009 at 22:41:28
Comments: I was thinking so much about that earlier tonight, I am getting butterflies in my stomach just at the thought of seeing you again. You make everything complete and I can't imagine spending time with someone else and having these feelings for anyone else. I'm anxious to see you again George. Time is ticking, and it's going by really slow.

It takes a strong man to accomplish everything that you have in your life, I am proud of you that you stick to your goals, you have improved your life so much from what it was before and I am so happy that you respect my beliefs as I respect yours. You say that you are going to make me a happy man ... well, you have already done that, just by being you and showing me love and being so open with your feelings. You are what I dreamed of when I was a little boy, someone with integrity, honesty, love, affection, handsome, and with such a charming personality. I never thought I would find you, but here you are.

I love you so much, and can't wait to be with you again. I want to give you my heart and soul. I don't care about anything else in the world because I am in love with you, George. I love you. Thank you George, for you have made all of my dreams come true. I could not ask for more. I am the luckiest guy in the world to be called your boyfriend, I'm truly honored. Thank you.

Love always,

Your one and only

Name: Lucas Barker
Email:adventurecamp@hotmail.co.uk
Location: Ban, my IP Adress
Date: Tuesday, November 3, 2009 at 18:35:45
Comments: Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!9/11 conspiracy theories
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from September 11 conspiracy theories)
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The collapse of the two World Trade Center towers and the nearby WTC7 (in this photo, the brown building to the left of the towers) is a major focus of 9/11 conspiracy theories.9/11 conspiracy theories allege that the September 11 attacks in 2001 were either intentionally allowed to happen or were a false flag operation orchestrated by elements within the United States government.[1] The most prominent claim is that the collapse of the World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center were the result of a controlled demolition rather than structural weakening due to fire.[2][3] Another prominent claim is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government[4] or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective stand down of the American military.[5][6] The common prescribed motives are the use of the attacks to justify the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, including control over its vast oil resources,[7] to facilitate increased military spending, and to restrict domestic civil liberties.

Published reports and articles by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Popular Mechanics and mainstream media have rejected the 9/11 conspiracy theories.[8][9] Civil engineers state that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds in combination with subsequent fires, rather than controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers and WTC 7.[10]

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Mainstream account
3 Variants
4 Main theories
4.1 Foreknowledge
4.2 World Trade Center collapse
4.3 The Pentagon
4.4 Flight 93
4.5 Hijackers
4.6 Phone calls
4.7 Jewish and Israeli involvement
5 Other theories
5.1 Cover-up allegations
5.1.1 Cockpit recorders
5.1.2 Bin Laden tapes
5.2 Foreign governments
5.3 No plane theories
5.4 Reptilian shape-shifting aliens
5.5 International Global Drug Industry cartel
6 Motives
6.1 Pax Americana
6.2 Invasions
6.3 Suggested historical precedents
7 Media reaction
7.1 In popular culture
8 Criticism
8.1 In the political arena
9 Notes
10 Bibliography
11 See also
11.1 External links
11.1.1 United States government sources
11.1.2 Engineering publications
11.1.3 Proponents of 9/11 conspiracy theories
11.1.4 Debunkers of 9/11 conspiracy theories

[edit] History
Since the September 11 attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories regarding the 9/11 attacks have been put forward in Web sites, books, and films. Many groups and individuals advocating 9/11 conspiracy theories identify as part of the 9/11 Truth Movement.[11][12][13] Unlike conspiracy theories about the death of Princess Diana, 9/11 conspiracy theories did not emerge immediately after the event. Indeed, most professional conspiracy theorists in the United States appeared to be as shocked as the rest of the population.[14] The first theories that emerged focused primarily on various anomalies in the publicly available evidence, and proponents later developed more specific theories about an alleged plot.[14] One allegation that was widely circulated by e-mail and on the Web, is that not a single Jew had been killed in the attack and that attacks must have been the work of the Mossad, not Islamic terrorists.[14]

The first elaborated theories appeared in Europe. They include a blog published by Mathias Bröckers, an editor at the German newspaper Die Tageszeitung at the time, the book 9/11: The Big Lie by French journalist Thierry Meyssan, the book The CIA and September 11 by former German state minister Andreas von Bülow and the book Operation 9/11, written by the German journalist Gerhard Wisnewski.[14]

While these theories were popular in Europe, they were treated by the U.S. media with either bafflement or amusement and were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.[15][16] In an address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001, United States President George W. Bush denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories [...] that attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, themselves, away from the guilty."[17]

By 2004, conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks began to gain ground in the United States. One explanation for the increase in popularity was that it was not the discovery of any new or more compelling evidence or an improvement of the technical quality of the presentation of the theories, but rather the growing criticism of the Iraq War and the presidency of George W. Bush, who had been reelected in 2004.[14] Revelations of spin doctoring and lying by federal officials, such as the claims about the existence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, the belated release of the President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001 and reports that NORAD had lied to the 9/11 Commission, may have fuelled the conspiracy theories.[14]

Between 2004 and the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2006, mainstream coverage of the conspiracy theories increased.[14] Reacting to the growing publicity, the U.S. government issued responses to the theories, including a formal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) about the collapse of the World Trade Center,[18] a revised 2006 State Department webpage to debunk the theories,[19] and a strategy paper referred to by President Bush in an August 2006 speech, which declared that terrorism springs from "subcultures of conspiracy and misinformation," and that "terrorists recruit more effectively from populations whose information about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda."[20] Al-Qaeda has repeatedly claimed responsibility for the attacks, with chief deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri accusing Shia Iran and Hezbollah of intentionally starting rumors that Israel carried out the attacks to denigrate Sunni successes in hurting America.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

Some of the conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks do not involve representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent. Instead, they call up gradations of negligence and complicity.[14] Matthias Bröckers, an early proponent of such theories, dismisses the official account of the September 11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks "to reduce complexity, disentangle what is confusing," and "explain the inexplicable".[14]

Just prior to the fifth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released a flurry of articles on the growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories,[27] with an article in the magazine Time stating that "This is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a mainstream political reality."[28] An August 2007 Zogby poll commissioned by 911Truth.org[29] found that 63.6% of Americans believe that Arab fundamentalists were responsible for 9/11 while 26.4% of believed that "certain elements in the U.S. government knew the attacks were coming but consciously let them proceed for various political, military and economic reasons" and 4.8% of them believe that "certain U.S. Government elements actively planned or assisted some aspects of the attacks".[30] (See 9/11 opinion polls.) In 2008, 9/11 conspiracy theories topped a "greatest conspiracy theory” list compiled by The Daily Telegraph. The list was based on following and traction.[31][32] Mainstream coverage generally presents these theories as a cultural phenomenon and is often critical of their content.

[edit] Mainstream account
Main article: September 11 attacks
On September 11, 2001, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying at least two nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon and a fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers and flight crew revolted.[33]

Within the context of 9/11 conspiracy theories, the terms 'mainstream account,' 'official account' and 'official conspiracy theory' all refer to:

The reports from government investigations — the 9/11 Commission Report (which incorporated intelligence information from the earlier FBI investigation (PENTTBOM) and the Joint Inquiry of 2002), and the studies into building performance carried out by the Federal Emergency Management Agency[34] (FEMA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Investigations by non-government organizations that support the mainstream account — such as those by the National Fire Protection Association, and by scientists of Purdue University and Northwestern University.[35][36][37]
Articles supporting these facts and theories appearing in magazines such as Popular Mechanics, Scientific American, and Time.
Similar articles in news media throughout the world, including The Times of India,[38] the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC),[39] the BBC,[40] Le Monde,[41] Deutsche Welle,[42] the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC),[43] and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.[44]
President Barack Obama's June 2009 speech to the Muslim world where he said "I am aware that some question or justify the events of 9/11. But let us be clear: al-Qaeda killed nearly 3,000 people on that day."[45]
The 9/11 Commission Report disclosed prior warnings of varying detail of planned attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda. The report said that the government ignored these warnings due to a lack of communication between various law enforcement and intelligence personnel. For the lack of inter-agency communication, the report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that caused scandals during that era. The report faulted the Clinton and the Bush administrations with “failure of imagination”. Most members of the Democratic and the Republican parties applauded the commission's work.[46] and they all sucked on my giant cock

[edit] Variants
Most 9/11 conspiracy theories generally originate from dissatisfaction with the mainstream account of 9/11.[47] Less extensive theories allege that official reports have covered up incompetence or negligence from U.S. personnel or the Bush Administration[48], or involvement of a foreign government or organization other than al-Qaeda.[49] The most prevalent theories can be broadly divided into two main forms:

LIHOP ("let it happen on purpose") - suggests that key individuals within the government had at least some foreknowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignored them or actively weakened America's defenses to ensure the hijacked flights were not intercepted.[47][50]
MIHOP ("made it happen on purpose") - that key individuals within the government planned the attacks and collaborated with or framed, al-Qaeda in carrying them out. There is a range of opinions about how this might have been achieved.[47][50]
[edit] Main theories
[edit] Foreknowledge
Main article: 9/11 advance-knowledge debate
See also: U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks
See also: United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001
It has been claimed that action or inaction by U.S. officials with foreknowledge was intended to ensure that the attacks took place successfully. For example, Michael Meacher, former British environment minister and member of Tony Blair's Cabinet until June 2003 claims that the United States knowingly failed to prevent the attacks.[51][52] Author David Ray Griffin alleges that the 9/11 conspiracy was considerably larger than the government claims and that the entire 9/11 Commission Report "is constructed in support of one big lie: that the official story about 9/11 is true."[53]

One popular conspiracy theory suggests there was a suspiciously high volume of put options placed on United Airlines and American Airlines stocks just before 9/11. According to this theory, trading insiders knew in advance of the coming events of 9/11 and placed their bets accordingly. While this may look suspicious in isolation, the general volume of put trading on these stocks reached similar levels at earlier points in the year.[54] In fact, American Airlines had just released a major warning about possible losses.[55]

Another common claim is that the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) issued a stand down order or deliberately scrambled fighters late to allow the hijacked airplanes to reach their targets without interference. According to this theory, NORAD had the capability of locating and intercepting planes on 9/11, and its failure to do so indicates a government conspiracy to allow the attacks to occur.[55] The Web site emperors-clothes.com argues that the U.S. military failed to do their job. StandDown.net's Mark R. Elsis says "There is only one explanation for this.... Our Air Force was ordered to Stand Down on 9/11."[56][57]

In September 2001, NORAD generals said they learned of the hijackings in time to scramble fighter jets. Later, the U.S. government released tapes claiming to show the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) did not tell the military about the hijackings until three of the four planes had crashed, a fact that would indicate that the FAA repeatedly lied to other U.S. government agencies.[58]

Phil Molé of Skeptic magazine has explained that it is neither quick nor easy to locate and intercept a plane behaving erratically, and that the hijackers turned off or disabled the onboard radar transponders. Without these transponder signals to identify the airplanes, the hijacked airplanes would have been only blips among 4,500 other blips on NORAD’S radar screens, making them very difficult to track.[55][56]

According to Popular Mechanics, in fact, only 14 fighter jets were on alert in the contiguous 48 states on 9/11. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD.[56] A passenger airline hadn't been hijacked in the US since 1979.[59] "They had to pick up the phone and literally dial us," says Maj. Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. According to Popular Mechanics,[56] "In the decade before 9/11, NORAD intercepted only one civilian plane over North America: golfer Payne Stewart's Learjet, in October 1999." With passengers and crew unconscious from cabin decompression, the plane lost radio contact but remained in transponder contact until it crashed. Even so, it took an F-16 22 minutes to reach the stricken jet from the time when contact was lost.[56]

Rules in effect back then, and on 9/11, barred supersonic flight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD interceptions were limited to offshore Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). "Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ," says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After 9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace over the continent.[56]

[edit] World Trade Center collapse
Main article: World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories

Criticism of the reports published by NIST on the destruction of the World Trade Center buildings plays a central role in theories about an alleged controlled demolition. The picture shows the simulated exterior buckling of 7 WTC during the collapse.The controlled demolition conspiracy theories claim that the collapse of the North Tower, South Tower and 7 World Trade Center was not caused by the plane crash damage, nor by resulting fire damage, but by explosives installed in the buildings in advance.[60] It is rejected by the mainstream media and the engineering community.

Demolition theory proponents, such as physicist Steven E. Jones, architect Richard Gage, software engineer Jim Hoffman, and theologian David Ray Griffin, argue that the aircraft impacts and resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings sufficiently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional energy involved to weaken their structures. Jones has presented the hypothesis that thermite or nanothermite was used to demolish the buildings.[61][62][63][64]

Many mainstream scientists refuse to debate conspiracy theorists to avoid giving them unwarranted credibility.[65] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has rejected the theory. Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering generally accept the model of a fire-induced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade Center buildings, an explanation that does not involve the use of explosives.[66][67][68]

This belief that the towers would not have collapsed without external interference (something other than the planes), largely roots from the belief that the burning temperatures of jet fuel (1,000 degrees Celsius) would not melt the steel support structure of the WTC. This would be valid if it weren't for the fact that at 1000 degrees Celsius steel weakens to 10% of its room temperature strength. This alone would be enough for the weight to collapse in on itself, but the damage caused by the plane's impact ensured the collapse.[69]

[edit] The Pentagon

The first of the five video frames leaked in 2002 showing the Pentagon just before impact.[70]
The Pentagon, after collapse of the damaged section.
Debris scattered near the Pentagon.According to some theories, the U.S. administration deliberately chose not to shoot down a plane that was heading for the Pentagon, while others contend that no plane hit the Pentagon at all.

Theories that allege deliberate inaction by the U.S. administration cite former transportation secretary Norman Mineta's testimony to the 9/11 Commission, in which he stated that an aide asked then Vice President Dick Cheney whether the "orders still stand". Cheney answered that they did. Mineta assumed that the orders were to shoot down the plane, while conspiracy theorists see this as an indication that the orders were not to shoot down the plane.[58]

Thierry Meyssan and Dylan Avery argue that American Airlines Flight 77 did not crash into the Pentagon. Instead, they argue that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government. Reopen911.org says that the holes in the Pentagon walls were far too small to have been made by a Boeing 757: "How does a plane 125 ft. wide and 155 ft. long fit into a hole which is only 60 ft. across?" Meyssan’s book, L’Effroyable Imposture (published in English as 9/11: The Big Lie) became an instant bestseller in France and is available in more than a dozen languages. When released, the book was heavily criticized by the French press. The French newspaper Liberation called the book "a tissue of wild and irresponsible allegations, entirely without foundation."[71][72][73]

According to Mete Sozen, a professor of structural engineering at Purdue University, a crashing jet doesn't punch a cartoon-like outline of itself into a reinforced concrete building. When Flight 77 hit the Pentagon, one wing hit the ground and the other was sheared off by the Pentagon's load-bearing columns.[71]

Airplane debris including Flight 77's black boxes, the nose cone, landing gear, an airplane tire, the fuselage, an intact cockpit seat, and the tail number of the airplane were recovered at the crash site. The remains of passengers and crew from Flight 77 were found at the Pentagon crash site and their identities confirmed by DNA analysis. Many eyewitnesses saw the plane strike the Pentagon. Further, Flight 77 passengers made phone calls reporting that their airplane had been hijacked. For example, passenger Renee May called her mother to tell her that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers had been herded to the back of the plane. Another passenger named Barbara Olson called her husband (US Solicitor General Theodore Olson) and said that the flight had been hijacked, and that the hijackers had knives and box cutters.[4][71][74]

[edit] Flight 93
The fourth plane hijacked on 9/11, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in an open field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers revolted. Out of the four planes hijacked on that day, it was the only one not to reach its target.[75]

One of the popular conspiracy theories surrounding this event is that Flight 93 was actually shot down by a U.S. fighter jet. David Ray Griffin and Alex Jones say that large parts of the plane including the main body of the engine landed miles away from the main wreckage site, too far away for an ordinary plane crash. Jones says that planes usually leave a small debris field when they crash, and that this is not compatible with reports of wreckage found farther away from the main crash site. A posting on Rense.com claimed that the main body of the engine was found miles away from the main wreckage site with damage comparable to that which a heat-seeking missile would do to an airliner.[71][75][76]

According to some theories, the plane had to be shot down by the government because passengers had found out about the alleged plot.[77]

According to the magazine Skeptic, "[this] claim rests largely on unsupported assertions that the main body of the engine and other large parts of the plane turned up miles from the main wreckage site, too far away to have resulted from an ordinary crash. This is incorrect, because the engine was found only 300 yards from the main crash site, and its location was consistent with the direction in which the plane had been traveling." Michael K. Hynes, an airline accident expert who investigated the crash of TWA Flight 800 in 1996, says that, at very high velocities of 500 mph or more, it would only take a few seconds to move or tumble across the ground for 300 yards.[71][78]

Reports of wreckage discovered at Indian Lake by local residents are accurate. CNN reported that investigators found debris from the crash at least eight miles away from the crash site, including in New Baltimore.[79] However, according to CNN, this debris was all very light material that the wind would have easily blown away, and a Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article from September 14, 2001 describes the material as "mostly papers", "strands of charred insulation", and an "endorsed paycheck". The same article quotes FBI agent Bill Crowley that, "Lighter, smaller debris probably shot into the air on the heat of a fireball that witnesses said shot several hundred feet into the air after the jetliner crashed. Then, it probably rode a wind that was blowing southeast at about 9 m.p.h."[80] Also, the distance between the crash site and Indian Lake was misreported in some accounts. According to the BBC, "In a straight line, Indian Lake is just over a mile from the crash site. The road between the two locations takes a roundabout route of 6.9 miles — accounting for the erroneous reports."[75]

Some conspiracy theorists believe a small white jet seen flying over the crash area may have fired a missile to shoot down Flight 93.[81][dubious – discuss] However, government agencies such as the FBI assert this was a Dassault Falcon business jet asked to descend to an altitude of around 1500 ft to survey the impact.[82] Ben Sliney, who was the FAA operation manager on September 11, 2001, says no military aircraft were near Flight 93.[83]

Some internet videos, such as Loose Change, speculate that Flight 93 safely landed in Ohio, and a substituted plane was involved in the crash in Pennsylvania.[84] Often cited is a preliminary news report that Flight 93 landed at a Cleveland airport;[85] it was later learned that Delta Flight 1989 was the plane confused with Flight 93, and the report was retracted as inaccurate. Several websites within the 9/11 Truth Movement dispute this claim, citing the wreckage at the scene, eyewitness testimony, and the difficulty of secretly substituting one plane for another, and claim that such "hoax theories... appear calculated to alienate victims' survivors and the larger public from the 9/11 truth movement".[76][86] The editor of the article has since written a rebuttal to the claims.[87]

The woman who took the only photograph of the mushroom cloud from the impact of Flight 93 hitting the ground says she has been harassed by conspiracy theorists, who claim she faked the photo. The FBI, the Smithsonian, and the National Park Service’s Flight 93 National Memorial have found it to be authentic.[88]

Conspiracy theorists have claimed that passengers of Flight 93 and or Flight 77, were murdered or that they were relocated, with the intent that they never be found.[77]

[edit] Hijackers
See also: Hijackers in the September 11 attacks and 9/11 advance-knowledge debate#Blocked al-Qaeda investigations
During the initial confusion surrounding the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the BBC published the names and identities of some of the hijackers. Although this story was superseded by subsequent reporting,[89] the original story has been cited as evidence that the 9/11 attacks were part of a US government conspiracy. The BBC explained that this confusion may have arisen because the names they reported back in 2001 were common Arabic and Islamic names. In response to a request from the BBC, the FBI stated:[90]

The FBI is confident that it has positively identified the nineteen hijackers responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Also, the 9/11 investigation was thoroughly reviewed by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States and the House and Senate Joint Inquiry. Neither of these reviews ever raised the issue of doubt about the identity of the nineteen hijackers.

The New York Times also acknowledged these as cases of mistaken identity.[91]

According to Managing Editor John Bradley of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the only public information about the hijackers was a list of names issued by the FBI on September 14, 2001. When the FBI released photographs four days after the cited reports on September 27, the mistaken identities were quickly resolved. According to Bradley, "all of this is attributable to the chaos that prevailed during the first few days following the attack. What we're dealing with are coincidentally identical names." In Saudi Arabia, says Bradley, the names of two of the allegedly surviving attackers, Said al-Ghamdi and Walid al-Shari, are "as common as John Smith in the United States or Great Britain."[92]

[edit] Phone calls
After 9/11, cellular experts said that calls were able to be placed from the hijacked planes, and that they were surprised that they lasted as long as they did. They said that the only reason that the calls went through in the first place is that the aircraft were flying so close to the ground.[93] Alexa Graf, an AT&T spokesperson said it was almost a fluke that the calls reached their destinations.[94] Other industry experts said that it is possible to use cell phones with varying degrees of success during the ascent and descent of commercial airline flights.[95] Marvin Sirbu, professor of engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University said on September 14, 2001, that "The fact of the matter is that cell phones can work in almost all phases of a commercial flight."[95]

According to the 9/11 Commission Report, 13 passengers from Flight 93 made a total of over 30 calls to both family and emergency personnel (twenty-two confirmed air phone calls, two confirmed cell phone and eight not specified in the report). According to Debunk911myths.org, all but two calls from Flight 93 were made on air phones, not cell phones, and both calls lasted about a minute before being dropped.[96] Brenda Raney, Verizon Wireless spokesperson, said that Flight 93 was supported by several cell sites.[94] There were reportedly three phone calls from Flight 11, five from Flight 175, and three calls from Flight 77. Two calls from these flights were recorded, placed by flight attendants Madeleine Sweeney and Betty Ong on Flight 11.

[edit] Jewish and Israeli involvement
See also: 9/11 advance-knowledge debate#Israel
There are theories that 9/11 was part of an international Jewish conspiracy. According to Cinnamon Stillwell, another myth popular with 9/11 conspiracy theorists[97] is that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the World Trade Center on September 11. This was first reported on September 17 by the Lebanese Hezbollah-owned satellite television channel Al-Manar and is believed to be based on the September 12 edition of the Jerusalem Post that stated "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks."[98] Both turned out to be incorrect; the number of Jews who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between 270 to 400.[99][100][dead link][101][102] The lower figure tracks closely with the percentage of Jews living in the New York area and partial surveys of the victims' listed religion. The U.S. State Department has published a partial list of 76 in response to claims that fewer Jews/Israelis died in the WTC attacks than should have been present at the time.[103][104] Five Israeli citizens died in the attack.[105]

It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had foreknowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot of an apartment building, for "puzzling behavior". The Israelis were said to have been videotaping the disaster with cries of "joy and mockery".[106][107][108]

[edit] Other theories
[edit] Cover-up allegations
Conspiracy theorists say they detect a pattern of behavior on the part of officials investigating the September 11 attack meant to suppress the emergence of evidence that might contradict the mainstream account.[109][110][111][citation needed]

[edit] Cockpit recorders
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, the cockpit voice recorders (CVR) or flight data recorders (FDR), or "black boxes", from Flights 11 and 175 were not recovered from the remains of the WTC attack; however, two men, Michael Bellone and Nicholas DeMasi, who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center, stated in the book Behind-The-Scenes: Ground Zero[112] that they helped federal agents find three of the four "black boxes" from the jetliners:[113][114][dead link]

"At one point I was assigned to take Federal Agents around the site to search for the black boxes from the planes. We were getting ready to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area. We loaded up about a million dollars worth of equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There were a total of four black boxes. We found three."[115]

The cockpit voice recorder from Flight 77 was heavily damaged from the impact and resulting fire.Ted Lopatkiewicz, spokesman for the National Transportation Safety Board, remarked that "It's extremely rare that we don't get the recorders back. I can't recall another domestic case in which we did not recover the recorders."[116]

According to the 9/11 Commission Report, both black boxes from Flight 77 and both black boxes from Flight 93 were recovered. However, the CVR from Flight 77 was said to be too damaged to yield any data. On April 18, 2002, the FBI allowed the families of victims from Flight 93 to listen to the voice recordings.[117] In April 2006, a transcript of the CVR was released as part of the Zacarias Moussaoui trial.[118] Some conspiracy theorists[who?] do not believe that the black boxes were damaged and that instead there has been a cover up of evidence.[citation needed]

[edit] Bin Laden tapes
Main article: Videos of Osama bin Laden
A series of interviews, audio and videotapes have been released since the 9/11 attacks that have been reported to be from Osama bin Laden. At first the speaker denied responsibility for the attacks but over the years has taken increasing responsibility for them culminating in a November 2007 audiotape in which the speaker claimed sole responsibility for the attacks and denied the Taliban and the Afghan government or people had any prior knowledge of the attacks.[119][120][121][122] According to the Central Intelligence Agency, the speaker was most likely Osama bin Laden. Some observers, especially people in the Muslim world, doubt the authenticity of the tape.[123]

[edit] Foreign governments
See also: Responsibility for the September 11 attacks#Other alleged responsibility and 9/11 advanced-knowledge debate#Foreign government foreknowledge
There are allegations that individuals within the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) may have played an important role in financing the attacks. There are also claims that other foreign intelligence agencies, such as the Israeli Mossad, had foreknowledge of the attacks, and that Saudi Arabia may have played a role in financing the attacks. Francesco Cossiga, former President of Italy from 1985 until his resignation over Operation Gladio, asserts that it is common knowledge among democratic circles in the U.S. and Europe, and primarily in the Italian center-left, that the 9/11 attacks were a joint operation of the CIA and the Mossad.[124] General Hamid Gul, a former head of ISI, believes the attacks were an “inside job” originating in the United States, perpetrated by Israel or neo-conservatives.[125]

The theory that such foreign individuals outside of al-Qaeda were involved is often part of larger “inside job” theories, although it has been claimed that, while al-Qaeda deserves most of the responsibility, the alleged role played by Pakistan, Israel or Saudi Arabia was deliberately overlooked by the official investigation for political reasons.[citation needed]

[edit] No plane theories

The "no plane theory," promoted by internet-only videos like 911 Taboo,[126] asserts that this shot of the second impact, taken from a news helicopter, depicts a video composite of a Boeing 767 accidentally appearing from behind a Layer Mask.Nico Haupt and Morgan Reynolds, formerly the chief economist within the Labor Department under the Bush administration argue that no planes were used in the attacks. Reynolds claims it is physically impossible that the Boeing planes of Flights 11 and 175, being largely aluminium, could have penetrated the steel frames of the Towers, and that digital compositing was used to depict the plane crashes in both news reports and subsequent amateur video.[127] "There were no planes, there were no hijackers," Reynolds insists. "I know, I know, I'm out of the mainstream, but that's the way it is." According to David Shayler, "The only explanation is that they were missiles surrounded by holograms made to look like planes," he says. "Watch footage frame by frame and you will see a cigar-shaped missile hitting the World Trade Center." Truth movement veterans tend to distance themselves from "no-planers".[57][127] Discussion of no plane theories have been banned from certain conspiracy theory websites while advocates have been threatened with violence by posters at other conspiracy theory websites.[128]

[edit] Reptilian shape-shifting aliens
See also: David Icke
David Icke argues that reptilian, shape-shifting extraterrestrial humanoids are responsible for the 9/11 attacks. According to Icke, a reptilian global elite is behind all things that occur in the world. Icke's theories are rejected by 911blogger.com and other conspiracy theory sites.[129][130]

[edit] International Global Drug Industry cartel
In September 2009 public health expert Leonard G. Horowitz and journalist Sherri Kane published online and sent to the F.B.I. an affidavit with documents they claim prove the 9/11 attacks were part of a population reduction conspiracy by an international drug industry cartel that involves leading business and media figures. The pair alleged the documents show a link between the 9/11 attacks, Larry Silverstein and a conspiracy that also involved creating the swine flu pandemic.[131]

[edit] Motives
[edit] Pax Americana
Main article: Pax Americana
In suggesting motives for the U.S. government to have carried out the attacks, Professor David Ray Griffin claims that a global "Pax Americana" was a dream held by many members of the Bush Administration.[citation needed] This was first articulated in the Defense Planning Guidance of 1992, drafted by Paul Wolfowitz on behalf of then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, in a document that has been called "a blueprint for permanent American global hegemony."[132]

Matt Taibbi, in his book The Great Derangement argues that this is "taken completely out of context", and that the "transformation" referenced in the paper is explicitly stated to be a decades-long process to turn the Cold War-era military into a "new, modern military" which could deal with more localized conflicts.[133] He further ridicules this position by pointing out that, for this to be evidence of motive, that either those responsible decided to openly state their objectives, or read the paper in 2000 and quickly laid the groundwork for the 9/11 attacks using it as inspiration.[133] In either case, he argues that this is a form of "defiant unfamiliarity with the actual character of America's ruling class" and constitutes part of a "completely and utterly retarded" narrative to explain the attacks.[133]

[edit] Invasions
There are claims that the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq were both planned in advance of 9/11. The military intelligence journal Jane's Intelligence Weekly reported on March 15, 2001, that India was believed to have joined Russia, the USA and Iran in a concerted front against Afghanistan's Taliban regime, and that the efforts of the four countries facilitated the capture of a strategic town in Afghanistan by the Northern Alliance.[134] The BBC reported on September 18, 2001 that Niaz Naik, a former Pakistani Foreign Secretary, was told by senior American officials in mid-July that military action against Afghanistan would go ahead by the middle of October.[135] MSNBC reported on May 16, 2002 that unspecified "U.S. and foreign sources" said President George W. Bush received plans on September 9, 2001 to begin a worldwide war on al-Qaeda but did not have the chance to sign it before the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington.[136]

Conspiracy theorists[who?] have questioned whether the Oil Factor and 9/11 provided the United States and the United Kingdom with a reason to launch a war they had wanted for some time, and suggest that this gives them a strong motive for either carrying out the attacks, or allowing them to take place. For instance, Andreas von Bülow, a former research minister in the German government, has argued that 9/11 was staged to justify the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[137] Also, an American neoconservative think tank known as Project for the New American Century (PNAC), which brags influential members such as Paul Wolfowitz, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld[138], in September 2000, released a strategic treatise titled Rebuilding America's Defences that reads "the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event – like a new Pearl Harbor."[139] Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams and former Republican Congressmen Pete McCloskey and Paul Findley have voiced their concerns about the influence of the PNAC on the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.[140][141]

[edit] Suggested historical precedents
Time magazine contrasts events which inspired past conspiracy theories with those that inspire 9/11 conspiracy theories such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Whereas the assassination of Kennedy was a private, intimate affair, the attack on the World Trade Center was witnessed by millions of people and documented by hundreds of videographers. Time magazine explains that "there is no event so plain and clear that a determined human being can't find ambiguity in it."[28]

[edit] Media reaction
While discussion and coverage of these theories is mainly confined to internet pages, books, documentary films, and conversation, a number of mainstream news outlets around the world have covered the issue.

The Norwegian version of the July 2006 Le Monde diplomatique sparked interest when they ran, on their own initiative, a three page main story on the 9/11 attacks and summarized the various types of 9/11 conspiracy theories (which were not specifically endorsed by the newspaper, only recensed).[142] The Voltaire Network, which has changed position since the September 11 attacks and whose director, Thierry Meyssan, became a leading proponent of 9/11 conspiracy theory, explained that although the Norwegian version of Le Monde diplomatique had allowed it to translate and publish this article on its website, the mother-house, in France, categorically refused it this right, thus displaying an open debate between various national editions.[143] In December 2006, the French version published an article by Alexander Cockburn, co-editor of CounterPunch, which strongly criticized the endorsement of conspiracy theories by the U.S. left-wing, alleging that it was a sign of "theoretical emptiness."[144][145]

Also, on the Canadian website for CBC News: The Fifth Estate, a program titled, "Conspiracy Theories: uncovering the facts behind the myths of Sept. 11, 2001" was broadcast on October 29, 2003, stating that what they found may be more surprising than any theories.[146]

An article in the September 11, 2006 edition of Time magazine comments that the major 9/11 conspiracy theories “depend on circumstantial evidence, facts without analysis or documentation, quotes taken out of context and the scattered testimony of traumatized eyewitnesses”, and enjoy continued popularity because “the idea that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating global events is, in a perverse way, comforting”. It concludes that “conspiracy theories are part of the process by which Americans deal with traumatic public events” and constitute “an American form of national mourning.”[147]

The Daily Telegraph published an article titled "The CIA couldn't have organised this..." which said "The same people who are making a mess of Iraq were never so clever or devious that they could stage a complex assault on two narrow towers of steel and glass" and "if there is a nefarious plot in all this bad planning, it is one improvised by a confederacy of dunces". This article mainly attacked a group of scientists led by Professor Steven E. Jones, now called Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice. They said "most of them aren't scientists but instructors... at second-rate colleges".[148]

A major Australian newspaper The Daily Telegraph, published an article in May 2007 that was highly critical of Loose Change 2, a movie which presents a 9/11 conspiracy theory.[149]

Doug MacEachern in a May 2008 column for the Arizona Republic wrote that while many "9/11 truthers" are not crackpots that espouse "crackpot conspiracy theories". He wrote that supporters of the theories fail to take into account both human nature and that nobody has come forward claiming they were participants in the alleged conspiracies.[150] This view seconded by Timothy Giannuzzi, a Calgary Herald op-ed columnist specializing in foreign policy.[151]

On June 7, 2008, The Financial Times Magazine published a lengthy article on the 9/11 Truth Movement and 9/11 conspiracy theories.[152]

Charlie Brooker a British multimedia personality in a July 2008 column published by The Guardian as part of its "Comment is free" series agreed that 9/11 conspiracy theorists fail to take in account human fallacies and added that believing in these theories gives theorists a sense of belonging to a community that shares privileged information thus giving the theorists a delusional sense of power.[153] The commentary generated over 1700 online responses, the largest in the history of the series.[154]

On September 12, 2008, Russian State Television broadcast in prime time a documentary made by Member of the European Parliament Giulietto Chiesa entitled Zero sympathetic to those who question the mainstream account of the attacks according to Chiesa. According to Thierry Meyssan in conjunction with the documentary, Russian State Television aired a debate on the subject. The panel consisted of members from several countries including 12 Russians who hold divergent views. The motive of Russian State Television in broadcasting the documentary was questioned by a commentator from The Other Russia who noted that Russian State Television had a history of broadcasting programs involving conspiracy theories involving the United States government.[155][156][157]

Nasir Mahmood in a commentary printed by the Pakistan Observer wrote favorably about a 9/11 truth lecture and film festival held in California and quoted a Jewish speaker at that festival who said that none of the 19 suspected hijackers had been proven guilty of anything and compared racism against Muslims resulting from what he called false accusations to the racism against Jews in the Nazi era.[158]

On November 10, 2008, ITN broadcast a story summarizing various 9/11 conspiracy theories.[159]

The emergence of the birther movement in 2009 has led to comparisons between that movement and the 9/11 Truth Movement, with both movements seen in a very negative light. Moon Landing conspiracy theories have also been compared to the birther and 9/11 conspiracy theories. James Borne, a journalist for The Times who covered the September 11 Attacks, described his assignment covering a 9/11 truth meeting "Perhaps the most intellectually scary assignment I have had in recent years".[160][161][162][163]

On August 31, 2009, the National Geographic Channel aired the program 9/11 Science and Conspiracy, in which the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center tested some of the claims frequently made by those who question the official 9/11 account. Specifically, the experiments concluded that burning jet fuel alone can sufficiently raise the temperature of a steel support column to the point of structural failure, that a controlled demolition using conventional techniques would leave clear evidence that was not found at Ground Zero, that using thermite is not an effective technique to melt a steel column, and that even if thermite chemical signatures were found, it would be impossible to tell if thermite was actually used or if the traces came from the reaction of aircraft aluminum with other substances in the fire. The testing also concluded that the type of hole found at the Pentagon was consistent with the mainstream scenario, and that damage from a bombing or missile attack would differ from the damage that occurred. In the program, several prominent 9/11 conspiracy theorists viewed rough edits of the experiments, and expressed their disagreement with the findings.[164][165]

Denver public television KBDI has aired 9/11 truth documentaries several times. The stations spokesperson claimed airing these documentaries have been a boom for the stations fund raising efforts.[166]

[edit] In popular culture
In June 2005 the popular murder mystery programme German State Television -Tatort ran an episode in which a woman who claims the 9/11 attacks were instigated by the Bush family for oil and power is targeted by FBI and CIA hitmen after her male roommate is found dead. The roommate was trained to be a 9/11 pilot but was left behind. The episode viewed by 7 million people ended when the detectives investigating the death believed her and she escapes to an unnamed Arab country.[167] In season 10 of the animated show South Park, the episode "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce" centers around 9/11 conspiracy theories. After Eric Cartman, a main character in the show, blames Kyle Broflovski of causing 9/11, Kyle and his friend Stan Marsh end up in the White house, where they are told that the government did in fact cause the 9/11 attacks. They escape, and eventually it is revealed that the government wants people to think that they caused 9/11, so that they think the government has more power than it does.[168] A Rescue Me episode featured a character played by actor Daniel Sunjata who is a 9/11 conspiracy theorist in real life, explaining to a French journalist that the 9/11 attacks were a “neoconservative government effort” to create a new Pearl Harbor to control oil and increase military spending.[169][170] According to Dennis Leary major plot lines in the first 10 episodes of the shows season 5 revolve around reinvestigation and conspiracy theories surrounding the 9/11 attacks.[171]

[edit] Criticism
Critics of these conspiracy theories say they are a form of conspiracism common throughout history after a traumatic event in which conspiracy theories emerge as a mythic form of explanation.[172] A related criticism addresses the form of research on which the theories are based. Thomas W. Eagar, an engineering professor at MIT, suggested they "use the 'reverse scientific method'. They determine what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't fit their conclusion, and then hail their findings as the only possible conclusion." Eagar's criticisms also exemplify a common stance that the theories are best ignored. "I've told people that if the argument gets too mainstream, I'll engage in the debate." This, he continues, happened when Steve Jones took up the issue.[173]

Michael Shermer, writing in Scientific American, said: "The mistaken belief that a handful of unexplained anomalies can undermine a well-established theory lies at the heart of all conspiratorial thinking. All the evidence for a 9/11 conspiracy falls under the rubric of this fallacy. Such notions are easily refuted by noting that scientific theories are not built on single facts alone but on a convergence of evidence assembled from multiple lines of inquiry."[174]

Scientific American,[175] Popular Mechanics,[176] and The Skeptic's Dictionary[177] have published articles that rebut various 9/11 conspiracy theories. Proponents of these conspiracy theories have attacked the contribution to the Popular Mechanics article by senior researcher Ben Chertoff, who they say is a cousin of Michael Chertoff — former head of Homeland Security.[178] However, U.S. News says no actual connection has been revealed and Ben Chertoff has denied the allegation.[179] Popular Mechanics has published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Myths that expands upon the research first presented in the article.[180] In the foreword for the book Senator John McCain wrote that blaming the U.S. government for the events "mars the memories of all those lost on that day" and "exploits the public's anger and sadness. It shakes Americans' faith in their government at a time when that faith is already near an all-time low. It trafficks in ugly, unfounded accusations of extraordinary evil against fellow Americans."[181] Der Spiegel dismissed 9/11 conspiracy theories as a "panoply of the absurd", stating "as diverse as these theories and their adherents may be, they share a basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great reasons."[182] David Ray Griffin has published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory,[183][citation needed] and Jim Hoffman has written an article called 'popular mechanics assault on 9/11 truth" where he attacks the methods Popular Mechanics uses in forming their arguments.[184][citation needed]

Journalist Matt Taibbi, in his book The Great Derangement, discusses 9/11 conspiracy theories as symptomatic of what he calls the "derangement" of American society; a disconnection from reality due to widespread "disgust with our political system".[133] Drawing a parallel with the Charismatic movement, he argues that both "chose to battle bugbears that were completely idiotic, fanciful, and imaginary," instead of taking control of their own lives.[133] While critical, Taibbi explains that 9/11 conspiracy theories are different from "Clinton-era black-helicopter paranoia", and constitute more than "a small, scattered group of nutcases [...] they really were, just as they claim to be, almost everyone you meet."[133]

Historian Kenneth J. Dillon argues that 9/11 conspiracy theories represent an overly easy target for skeptics and that their criticisms obfuscate the underlying issue of what actually happened if there wasn't a conspiracy. He suggests that the answer is criminal negligence on the part of the president and vice president, who were repeatedly warned, followed by a cover-up conspiracy after 9/11.[185] This was expanded upon by columnist Matt Mankelow writing for the Socialist Workers Online. He concludes that 9/11 truthers while "desperately trying to legitimately question a version of events" end up playing into the hands of the neoconservatives they are trying to take down by creating a diversion. Mankelow noted that this has irritated many people who are politically left wing.[186]

British historian Antony Beevor wrote in January 2009 that "studies of internet sites reveal an unholy alliance between left-wing 9/11 conspiracy theorists, right-wing Holocaust deniers and Islamic fundamentalists". He claimed that 9/11 and other conspiracy theories are a result of a "Wikipedia age" phenomenon that author Damian Thompson dubbed "counterknowledge". It allegedly involves people "seizing upon one or two minor discrepancies in a government report, then joining up all the wrong dots to create a monstrous fable". He believes "counterknowledge" is potentially greater threat to liberal democracy than Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin.[187]

David Aaronovitch, a columnist for The Times, in his book entitled The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History that was published in May 2009, claimed that the theories strain credulity.[77]

[edit] In the political arena
Former Canadian Liberal Party leader Stéphane Dion forced a candidate from Winnipeg, Lesley Hughes, to terminate her campaign after earlier writings from Hughes surfaced in which Hughes wrote that U.S., German, Russian and Israeli intelligence officials knew about the 9/11 attacks in advance.[188][189] Earlier, Peter Kent, Deputy Editor of Global Television News and Conservative Party candidate in the 2008 Canadian election, had called for Hughes's resignation saying that the 9/11 truth movement is "one of Canada’s most notorious hatemongering fringe movements" composed of "conspiracy theorists who are notorious for holding anti-Semitic views."[190] On June 16, 2009, Hughes sued Kent, the Canadian Jewish Congress, the B'Nai Brith of Canada and four senior members of the two organizations alleging the anti-Semitic allegations were untrue and defamatory and ruined her career.[191] Later another Conservative Party candidate called for the leader of the New Democratic Party to fire a candidate for her pro 9/11 truth views.[192]

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, a Holocaust denier,[193][194] described the 9/11 attacks on the Twin Towers as a "suspect event"[193][195][196] and suggests that the Bush Administration was involved in 9/11.[197][198]

In 2008 calls for the resignation of Richard Falk, the special rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian territories for the United Nations, were partially based on his support investigating the validity of 9/11 conspiracy theories.[199]

In February 2009, Aymeric Chauprade (fr), a professor of geopolitics at CID military college in Paris, was fired by French Defence Minister Herve Morin for writing a book entitled ’’Chronicle of the Clash of Civilizations’’ that espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories.[200]

In September 2009 Van Jones, an adviser to US President Barack Obama, resigned after his signature on a 2004 petition calling for an investigation into whether government officials deliberately allowed the 9/11 attacks to occur and other controversial statements came to light drawing criticism. Van Jones said he was a victim of a smear campaign, adding that he does not currently, nor ever has agreed with that theory.[201]

[edit] Notes
^ "Hypotheses: Principal Alternative Theories of the Attack". http://stj911.org/hypotheses/alternative.html. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
^ "Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Collapse?". www.physics911.net. http://www.physics911.net/stevenjones. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
^ "Retrieved 27 February 2008". Ae911truth.org. http://www.ae911truth.org/info/24. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ a b "Did a Plane Hit the Pentagon?". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 2009-04-19. http://www.america.gov/st/webchat-english/2009/April/20050628163417atlahtnevel0.1261103.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Griffin, David Ray, Ph.D. (2005-12-04). "Flights 11, 175, 77, and 93: The 9/11 Commission's Incredible Tales". 911Truth.org. http://www.911truth.org/article.php?story=20051205150219651. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
^ "The Military Drills on 9-11: "Bizarre Coincidence" or Something Else?". http://www.physics911.net/pdf/jacobs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
^ Greenspan: Oil the Prime Motive for Iraq War
^ "NIST NCSTAR 1: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster". NIST. September 2005. pp. 146. http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
^ "Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7" (PDF). NIST. August 2008. pp. 22-4. http://wtc.nist.gov/media/NIST_NCSTAR_1A_for_public_comment.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
^ Bazant, Zdenek P. and Mathieu Verdure. "Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions" in Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, Volume 133, Issue 3, pp. 308-319 (March 2007). Bazant and Verdure write, "As generally accepted by the community of specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering (though not by a few outsiders claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives), the failure scenario was as follows...." (continues with a four-part scenario of progressive structural failure).
^ Feuer, Alan (June 5, 2006). "500 Conspiracy Buffs Meet to Seek the Truth of 9/11". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/us/05conspiracy.html. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Griffin, David Ray (2007). Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 156656686X.
^ The following news media state that the movement is being known as or being called "9/11 Truth movement":
Hayes, Christopher (10 December 2006). "The 9/11 Truth Movement's Dangers". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/08/opinion/main2242387.shtml. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). "The truth is out there". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html. Retrieved 23 May 2009. "An army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11 Truth movement"
Powell, Michael (8 September 2006). "The Disbelievers". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/07/AR2006090701669_pf.html. Retrieved May 30, 2009. "The loose agglomeration known as the ‘9/11 Truth Movement’"
Barry, Ellen (10 September 2006). "9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Gather in N.Y.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/sep/10/nation/na-conspiracy10. Retrieved 30 May 2009. "a group known as the 9/11 Truth Movement"
Hunt, H.E. (19 November 2008). "The 30 greatest conspiracy theories — part 1". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html. Retrieved 30 May 2009. "A large group of people — collectively called the 9/11 Truth Movement"
Kay, Jonathan (25 April 2009). "Richard Gage: 9/11 truther extraordinaire". National Post. http://www.nationalpost.com/story.html?id=1532386. Retrieved 30 May 2009. "The ‘9/11 Truth Movement,’ as it is now commonly called"
^ a b c d e f g h i Knight, Peter (2008). "Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States". New German Critique 35 (1). http://ngc.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/1_103/165.pdf. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
^ Knight, Peter (2008). "Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States". New German Critique 35 (1): 168–169. http://ngc.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/35/1_103/165.pdf. Retrieved June 9, 2009. "Although immensely popular in Europe (and soon translated into Arabic), these early conspiracy accounts were treated by the U.S. media with either bafflement or amusement and were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.".
^ Johnson, Ian (September 29, 2003). "Conspiracy Theories about Sept. 11 Get Hearing in Germany". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/0,,SB106479068042179400,00.html. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
^ Bush, George Walker (2001-11-10). "Remarks by the President To United Nations General Assembly". White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011110-3.html.
^ "National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions". NIST. http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm.
^ "The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. 2006-09-16. http://www.america.gov/st/pubs-english/2006/September/20060828133846esnamfuaK0.2676355.html.
^ "Strategy for Winning the War on Terror". White House. September 2006. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nsct/2006/sectionV.html.
^ BBC
^ USA Today
^ Scotsman.com
^ Breaking News | Latest News | Current News - FOXNews.com
^ San Francisco Bay Area
^ Boston.com
^ Wolf, Jim (2006-09-02). "U.S rebuts 9/11 homegrown conspiracy theories". Reuters. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/02/AR2006090200527.html.
^ a b Grossman, Lev (2006-09-03). "Why The 9/11 Conspiracies Won't Go Away". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531304-1,00.html.
^ "Zogby International". Zogby.com. http://www.zogby.com/news/readnews.cfm?ID=1354. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "X-911T.spo" (PDF). http://www.911truth.org/images/ZogbyPoll2007.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "The 30 greatest conspiracy theories The Telegraph November 19, 2008". The Daily Telegraph. 2008-11-19. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3483477/The-30-greatest-conspiracy-theories-part-1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd". Nmauk.co.uk. 2009-02-23. http://www.nmauk.co.uk/nma/do/live/factsAndFigures. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "Profiles of 9/11 - About 9/11". Biography.com. 2001-09-11. http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm.
^ Meigs, James (2006-10-13). "The Conspiracy Industry". Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/4199607.html.
^ "Behind Purdue’s computing simulation on the 2001 World Trade Center attack ZDNET June 20, 2007". Blogs.zdnet.com. http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=5442. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ Herman, Steve (2007-06-20). "Purdue study supports WTC collapse findings". Usatoday.com. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-06-20-fireproofing-wtc-collapse_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "Osama claims responsibility for 9/11". Times of India. 2006-05-24. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms.
^ "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC (Canada). http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html.
^ "America's Day of Terror". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/.
^ "Depuis le 11-Septembre, la menace terroriste est devenue permanente". Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-687756@51-641954,0.html.
^ "Sept. 11: One Year Later". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,623034,00.html.
^ "Bin Laden tape shown days before 9/11 anniversary". ABC. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1736235.htm.
^ "Korean's Memories of 9/11 Still Fresh Five Years On". The Chosun Ilbo. http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200609/200609110002.html.
^ June 05, 2009 (2009-06-05). "Excerpts from President Obama's speech Los Angeles Times June 5, 2009". Latimes.com. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-obama-excerpts5-2009jun05,0,7535721.story. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ Schmitt, Richard (2004-06-23). "The 9/11 Commission Report; Panel Calls for Single Intelligence Chief". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/23/nation/na-intel23.
^ a b c Sales, Nancy Jo. Click Here For Conspiracy, Vanity Fair July 9, 2006
^ The Real Lessons of 9/11 by Robert Parry for consortiuumnes.com
^ What Is Your "hop" Level? - Ten Scenarios Of What May Have Happened On September 11th, 2001, Summeroftruth.org
^ a b "The evolution of a conspiracy theory". BBC News. 4 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7488159.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-27.
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^ ~~~~http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm
^ Videos Released Of Plane Crashing Into Pentagon May 17, 2006
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^ 60 Seconds: Ben Sliney October 4, 2006
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^ 9-11 Review
^ WCPO.com's Flight 93 Story (Archived by the Wayback Machine)
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^ After the Attacks: Missed Cues; Saudi May Have Been Suspected in Error, Officials Say September 16, 2001
^ Panoply of the Absurd September 08, 2003
^ Will They Allow Cell Phones on Planes? Elliot.org September 19, 2001
^ a b Betsy Harter (November 1, 2001). "Final Contact". Telephony Online. http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/ar/wireless_final_contact/.
^ a b Romero, Simon. "After the Attacks: Communications; New Perspective on the Issue Of Cell Phone Use in Planes". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/14/us/after-attacks-communications-new-perspective-issue-cell-phone-use-planes.html. Retrieved July 8, 2009. "According to industry experts, it is possible to use cell phones with varying success during the ascent and descent of commercial airline flights, although the difficulty of maintaining a signal appears to increase as planes gain altitude."
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^ Internet Archive "which appeared in the September 12th internet edition of the Jerusalem Post. It stated, "The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks."
^ A survey of the 1,700 victims whose religion was listed found approximately 10% were Jewish indicating around 270 in total. A survey based on the last names of victims found that around 400 (15½%) were possibly Jewish. A survey of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were Jewish (12½%). According to the 2002 American Jewish Year Book, New York State's population was 9% Jewish. Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New York State.
^ The Mitzvah To Remember (09/05/2002) Gary Rosenblatt, August 3, 2007
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^ The 4,000 Jews Rumor
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^ The White Van: Were Israelis Detained on Sept. 11 Spies? ABC News June 21, 2002
^ NYTimes -AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE INVESTIGATION; Authorities Have Learned the Identities Of 18 Hijackers, Attorney General Says
^ Richard Greenberg (2006-09-04). "The lie that just won't seem to die: Jews behind 9/11". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154526000478&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
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^ U.S. urged to detail origin of tape Guardian December 15, 2001
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^ "Fareed Zakaria GPS Mexican Crisis; India Terror Attacks CNN Transscript December 7, 2008". Transcripts.cnn.com. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0812/07/fzgps.01.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "911 Taboo, a movie by Genghis6199 of 911taboo.com". http://www.911taboo.net/gtv/taboomenu.html.
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^ "Phoenix News — The Yoda of 9/11 - page 5". Phoenixnewtimes.com. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007-08-09/news/the-yoda-of-9-11/5. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
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^ WARNING: Drug Cartel behind spread of HINI Virus Bohol Evening Standatd September 27, 2009
^ Andrew J. Bacevich (44). American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
^ a b c d e f Taibbi, Matt (2008). The Great Derangement. New York: Spiegel & Grau. pp. 9–12, 148–166. ISBN 9780385520348.
^ Bedi, Rahul (March 15, 2001). "India joins anti-Taliban coalition". Jane's Intelligence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jir/jir010315_1_n.shtml. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
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^ 911 reasons why 9/11 was (probably) an inside job, Russia Today. 2009-09-09.
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^ * (French) Pour le Monde diplomatique norvégien, le 11 septembre est un complot intérieur US, Voltaire Network * (Spanish) El 11 de septiembre fue un complot interno estadounidense, estima la prensa noruega
^ *(English) Distractions from awful reality - US: the conspiracy that wasn’t, by Alexander Cockburn in Le Monde diplomatique, December 2006 *(French)Scepticisme ou occultisme? Le complot du 11-Septembre n’aura pas lieu, by Alexander Cockburn in Le Monde diplomatique, December 2006 *(Persian) Iranian translation *(Portuguese) PODERES IMAGINÁRIOS - A "conspiração" das Torres Gêmeas
^ Debunking the Myths of 9/11, by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair, CounterPunch, November 28, 2006
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^ South Park Studios
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^ a b Damian Thompson (2008-01-12). "Lies, damn lies and 'counterknowledge' - Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1575346/Lies-damn-lies-and-counterknowledge.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ "A 9/11 denier? Yup". PolitiFact. http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2008/apr/16/hillary-clinton/a-911-denier-yup/. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ "Ahmadinejad: 9/11 'suspect event'". BBC News accessdate = 2009-09-20. 20008-04-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7350830.stm.
^ Stuart Williams (2008-04-16). "Iran president casts doubt on 'suspect' 9/11". Mail & Guardian. http://www.mg.co.za/article/2008-04-16-iran-president-casts-doubt-on-suspect-911. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ Adam Harvey (-2006-09--03). "9/11 myths busted". The Courier-Mail. http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,,20341165-5003406,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ "Ahmadinejad quotes". The Jerusalem Post. 2006-05-22. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1145961353170&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
^ Abrams, Joseph (2008-07-15). "Critics Demand Resignation of U.N. Official Who Wants Probe of 9/11 'Inside Job' Theories Fox News June 19, 2008". Foxnews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,369122,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "French lecturer sacked over 9/11 conspiracy claims AFP/Expatica February 6, 2009". Expatica.com. http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/local_news/French-lecturer-sacked-over-9_11-conspiracy-claims_49327.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
^ "Obama did not order Van Jones' resignation, adviser says". CNN. 2009-09-06. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/06/obama.adviser.resigns/. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
[edit] Bibliography
Begin, Jeremy (2007). Fighting for G.O.D. (Gold, Oil, and Drugs). Trine Day Press. ISBN 978-0-9777953-3-8.
Barkun, Michael (2003). A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23805-2.
Broeckers, Mathias (2006). Conspiracies, Conspiracy Theories, and the Secrets of 9/11. Progressive Press. ISBN 0930852230.
Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center.
Editors of Der Spiegel (2002). Inside 9-11: What Really Happened. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30621-0.
Editors of Popular Mechanics (2006). Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts. New York: Hearst Books. ISBN 1-58816-635-X.
Forward to Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts by Senator John McCain
Fetzer, James H. (2007). 9/11 Conspiracy. Open Court Publishing Company, U.S.. p. 342. ISBN 0812696123.
Griffin, David Ray (2007). Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Official Conspiracy Theory.. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566566865.
Griffin, David Ray (2006). 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Vol. 1. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566566592.
Griffin, David (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566565847.
Griffin, David Ray; Richard Falk (2004). The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11. Northampton, Mass.: Olive Branch Press. ISBN 1566565529. http://bogusstory.com/TheNewPearlHarbor.html/. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
Henshall, Ian (2007). 9.11: The New Evidence. Robinson Publishing. p. 256. ISBN 1845295145.
Hufschmid, Eric (2002). Painful Questions: An Analysis of the September 11th Attack. Ink & Scribe. p. 158. ISBN 1931947058.
Johnston, Patrick, S. (2006). Mission Accomplished (Novel). Dog Ear. ISBN 1-59858-244-5.
Laurent, Eric (2004). La face cachée du 11 septembre. Plon. ISBN 2-259-20030-3.
Marrs, Jim (2006). The Terror Conspiracy: Deception, 9/11 and the Loss of Liberty. Disinformation Company. ISBN 1932857435.
Meyssan, Thierry (2002). 9/11: The Big Lie. Carnot Editions. ISBN 2912362733.
Meyssan, Thierry (2003). Pentagate. USA Books. ISBN 1592090281.
Morgan, Rowland; Ian Henshall. 9/11 Revealed: The Unanswered Questions.
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0393060411.
Olmsted, Kathyrn (2009). Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195183533.
Paul, Don; Jim Hoffman (2004). Waking up from our Nightmare: The 9/11 Crimes in New York City. Harts Spring Works. ISBN 0-943096-10-3.
Ruppert, Michael. Crossing the Rubicon.
Ridgeway, James. The Five Unanswered Questions About 9/11.
Tarpley, Webster Griffin. 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA.
Thompson, Paul; The Center for Cooperative Research (2004). The Terror Timeline.
Williams, Eric D. (2006). 9/11 101: 101 Key Points that Everyone Should Know and Consider that Prove 9/11 Was an Inside Job. Booksurge Publishing. ISBN 1419624288.
Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. ISBN 037541486X.
Zwicker, Barrie (2006). Towers of Deception: The Media Cover-Up of 9/11. New Society Publishers. p. 416. ISBN 0865715734.
Taibbi, Matt (2008). 'The Great Derangement' A Terrifying True Story of War, Politics, and Religion at the Twilight of the American Empire. Spiegel & Grau. p. 288. ISBN 9780385520348.
Roeper, Richard (2008). Debunked!: Conspiracy Theories, Urban Legends, and Evil Plots of the 21st Century. Chicago Review Press. p. 224. ISBN 9781556527074.
Manjoo, Farhad (2008). True Enough: Learning to Live in a Post-Fact Society. Wiley. p. 256. ISBN 9780470050101.
[edit] See also
9/11 Commission
9/11 Commission Report
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
Criticism of the 9/11 Commission
Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories
Rumours and conspiracy theories about the July 2005 London bombings
[show]v • d • ePart of a series on 9/11 conspiracy theories

Topics 9/11 advance-knowledge debate · 9/11 conspiracy theories · 9/11 opinion polls · 9/11 Truth movement · Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection · World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories‎

Notable proponents
and supporters
Edward Asner · Kevin Barrett · Matthew Bellamy · Jean-Marie Bigard · Juliette Binoche · Carol Brouillet · Andreas von Bülow · Giulietto Chiesa · Francesco Cossiga · James H. Fetzer · Yukihisa Fujita · David Ray Griffin · Jim Hoffman · David Icke · Alex Jones · Steven E. Jones · Annie Machon · Cynthia McKinney · Michael Meacher · Thierry Meyssan · Willie Nelson · Paul Craig Roberts · William Rodriguez · Mark Ruffalo · David Shayler · Charlie Sheen · Webster G. Tarpley · Jesse Ventura · Jimmy Walter

Groups 9/11 Citizens Watch · 9/11 Family Steering Committee · American Free Press · Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth · Canadian Action Party · Jersey Girls · 9/11 Film Festival

Film and television 9/11: Press for Truth · 911: In Plane Site · A Few Days in September · Loose Change · Mystery of the Urinal Deuce · Zeitgeist, the Movie

Books 9/11: The Big Lie · Debunking 9/11 Myths · Seeking 9/11 Truth at Japan's Parliament · The CIA and September 11 · The New Pearl Harbor · The Terror Timeline

Categories 9/11 conspiracy theories · September 11 attacks · Conspiracy theories

[show]v • d • eConspiracy theories

Core topics Conspiracy (civil) · Conspiracy (crime) · Conspiracy (political) · Cabal · List of conspiracy theories · Conspiracy fiction · Conspiracy thriller

Psychology of conspiracism Attitude polarization · Cognitive dissonance · Communal reinforcement · Confirmation bias · Paranoia · Psychological projection

New World Order theories Bilderberg Group · Council on Foreign Relations · Bohemian Grove · Skull and Bones · Trilateral Commission · Freemasons · Club of Rome · Illuminati · Black helicopters · ODESSA · The Protocols of the Elders of Zion · Judaeo-Masonic-Marxist plot · Eurabia · North American Union · Yellow Peril (East Asian world domination myths) · The Family (Christian political organization)

False flag theories Sinking of the RMS Lusitania (1915) · Reichstag Fire (1933) · Operation Gladio · USS Liberty incident (1967) · Pan Am Flight 103 (1988) · Russian apartment bombings · Oklahoma City bombing (1995) · Port Arthur Massacre (1996) · TWA Flight 800 (1996) · 9/11 conspiracy theories (2001) · Madrid Train Bombing (2004) · London Bombings (2005)

Assassination theories Eric V of Denmark (1286) · Abraham Lincoln (1865) · Franz Ferdinand (1914) · Phar Lap (1932) · Dag Hammarskjöld (1961) · Marilyn Monroe (1962) · John F. Kennedy (1963) · Malcolm X (1965) · Robert F. Kennedy (1968) · Martin Luther King Jr. (1968) · Juscelino Kubitschek (1976) · Pope John Paul I (1978) · Olof Palme (1986) · Zia-ul-Haq (1988) · Kurt Cobain (1994) · Yitzhak Rabin (1995) · Diana, Princess of Wales (1997) · David Kelly (2003) · Alexander Litvinenko (2006) · Benazir Bhutto (2007)

UFO theory Alien Abduction · Roswell Incident (1947) · Mantell Incident (1948) · Men in Black · Area 51

Other theories Soviet Space Program (1957-1966) · Paul McCartney's death (1966) · Apollo Moon Landing hoax (1969) · Elvis Presley's survival (1977) · Mind Control · AIDS origins · AIDS denialism · October surprise · CIA drug trafficking · New Coke (1985) · Waco Siege (1993) · Dulles' Plan · SARS (2003) · Reptilian humanoid · Global Warming · Titanic alternative theories · Barack Obama's citizenship · Lavender Mafia/Homintern/Gay Mafia · Jesuit conspiracy · Chemtrails · Scottish mafia · Jonestown conspiracy theory · Free energy suppression

Verified conspiracies Dreyfus affair (1894) · Affaire Des Fiches (1904-1905) · Gleiwitz incident (1939) · Watergate (1972) · Project MKULTRA (1975) · Operation Mockingbird · Operation Northwoods · Iran-Contra Affair

[show]v • d • eSeptember 11 attacks

Timeline Planning · September 11, 2001 · Rest of September · October · Beyond October

Victims Casualties

Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 · United Airlines Flight 175 · American Airlines Flight 77 · United Airlines Flight 93

Sites of destruction World Trade Center · The Pentagon · Stonycreek, Pennsylvania

Effects and aftermath Immediate aftermath · Airport security · Audiovisual entertainment · Closings and cancellations · Conspiracy theories · Detentions · Economic effects · Artistic depictions · Reactions · Rumors · Local health effects · Post-9/11

Response U.S. military response · U.S. government response · Rescue and recovery effort · Financial assistance · Operation SUPPORT · Operation Yellow Ribbon · Memorials and services

Perpetrators Responsibility · Hijackers

Miscellaneous Communication · WTC collapse · Slogans and terms · Patriot Day · Stairwell A

Inquiries U.S. Congressional Inquiry · 9/11 Commission Report · PENTTBOM

[edit] External links
BBC Conspiracy Files 9/11 at Google Video (Adobe Flash video)
9/11, The Memory Hole
The September 11 Digital Archive, Center for History and New Media and American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning
[edit] United States government sources
9/11 Commission Report
FEMA World Trade Center Building Performance Study
NIST and the World Trade Center
NIST Frequently Asked Questions, 30 August 2006
Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation
Final NIST Report on the collapse of World Trade Center 7
U.S. Department of State Article: The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories, 19 September 2006
[edit] Engineering publications
Banovic, S.W., et al. "The Role of Metallurgy in the NIST Investigation of the World Trade Center Towers Collapse". http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0711/banovic-0711.html.
Eagar, Thomas. "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation". http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0112/Eagar/Eagar-0112.html.
Popular Mechanics: Debunking the 9/11 Myths.
[edit] Proponents of 9/11 conspiracy theories
Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth
Journal of 9/11 Studies
Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice
Patriots Questions 9/11
David Ray Griffin - 911 and the American Empire (2005) at Google Video (Adobe Flash video)
[edit] Debunkers of 9/11 conspiracy theories
Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy theories and Controlled Demolition Myths
Journal of Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
Debunk 9/11 Myths, a Guide to 9/11 Facts, Myths, and Theories
How Skeptics Confronted 9/11 Denialism The Palistine Telegraph
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories"
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Comments: Graphic design
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Graphic symbols are often functionalist and anonymous,[1] as these pictographs from the US National Park Service illustrate. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
Graphic Design
The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation. Various methods are used to create and combine symbols, images and/or words to create a visual representation of ideas and messages. A graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce the final result. Graphic design often refers to both the process (designing) by which the communication is created and the products (designs) which are generated.

Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements and product packaging. For example, a product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color which unify the piece. Composition is one of the most important features of graphic design especially when using pre-existing materials or diverse elements.

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 The advent of printing
1.2 Emergence of the design industry
1.3 Twentieth century design
2 Applications
3 Skills
3.1 Visual arts
3.2 Typography
3.3 Page layout
3.4 Interface design
3.5 Printmaking
3.6 Chromatics
4 Tools
4.1 Computers and the creative process
5 Occupations
6 See also
6.1 Related disciplines
6.2 Related topics
7 Footnotes
8 Bibliography
9 External links
9.1 Graphic Design Professional Associations

[edit] History
Main article: History of graphic design

Page from the Book of Kells: Folio 114v, Decorated text. Tunc dicit illisWhile Graphic Design as a discipline has a relatively recent history, graphic design-like activities span the history of humankind: from the caves of Lascaux, to Rome's Trajan's Column to the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, to the dazzling neons of Ginza. In both this lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction and over-lapping of advertising art, graphic design and fine art. After all, they share many of the same elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising art the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression and feeling to artifacts that document human experience."[2]

[edit] The advent of printing
Main article: History of printing
During the Tang Dynasty (618–906) between the 4th and 7th century A.D. wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable type printing making books widely available during the Song dynasty (960–1279).[3] Sometime around 1450, Johann Gutenberg's printing press made books widely available in Europe. The book design of Aldus Manutius developed the book structure which would become the foundation of western publication design. This era of graphic design is called Humanist or Old Style. [4]

[edit] Emergence of the design industry
In late 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to separate graphic design from fine art. Piet Mondrian is known as the father of graphic design. He was a fine artist, but his use of grids inspired the modern grid system used today in advertising, print and web layout. [5]

In 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and Manufactures. He organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian design.

From 1891 to 1896 William Morris' Kelmscott Press published books that are some of the most significant of the graphic design products of the Arts and Crafts movement, and made a very lucrative business of creating books of great stylistic refinement and selling them to the wealthy for a premium. Morris proved that a market existed for works of graphic design in their own right and helped pioneer the separation of design from production and from fine art. The work of the Kelmscott Press is characterized by its obsession with historical styles. This historicism was, however, important as it amounted to the first significant reaction to the stale state of nineteenth-century graphic design. Morris' work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau and is indirectly responsible for developments in early twentieth century graphic design in general.[6]

[edit] Twentieth century design

A Boeing 747 aircraft with livery designating it as Air Force One. The cyan forms, the US flag, presidential seal and the Caslon lettering were all designed at different times and combined by designer Raymond Loewy in this one final design. Graphic design is applied in virtually every organization or society. There are virtually no limits to the size and applications of graphic design.Who originally coined the term "graphic design" appears to be in dispute. It has been attributed to Richard Guyatt, the British designer and academic, but another source suggests William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early 20th century[7]

The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example[citation needed] of the modern era and used a font designed by Edward Johnston in 1916.

In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 'intellectual production' in different spheres of production. The movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian purposes. They designed buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, etc.[citation needed]

Jan Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New Typography. He later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as being fascistic, but it remained very influential.[citation needed] Tschichold, Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, and El Lissitzky are the fathers of graphic design[citation needed] as we know it today. They pioneered production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth century. The following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and application.[8] A booming post-World War II American economy established a greater need for graphic design, mainly advertising and packaging. The emigration of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in 1937 brought a "mass-produced" minimalism to America; sparking a wild fire of "modern" architecture and design. Notable names in mid-century modern design include Adrian Frutiger, designer of the typefaces Univers and Frutiger; Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while becoming one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate identity; and Josef Müller-Brockmann, who designed posters in a severe yet accessible manner typical of the 1950s and 1960s era.

[edit] Applications
From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals, graphic design enhances transfer of knowledge. Readability is enhanced by improving the visual presentation of text.

Design can also aid in selling a product or idea through effective visual communication. It is applied to products and elements of company identity like logos, colors, packaging, and text. Together these are defined as branding (see also advertising). Branding has increasingly become important in the range of services offered by many graphic designers, alongside corporate identity, and the terms are often used interchangeably.

Textbooks are designed to present subjects such as geography, science, and math. These publications have layouts which illustrate theories and diagrams. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy. Graphic design is also applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the information more accessible and more readily understandable.

Graphic design is applied in the entertainment industry in decoration, scenery, and visual story telling. Other examples of design for entertainment purposes include novels, comic books, opening credits and closing credits in film, and programs and props on stage. This could also include artwork used for t-shirts and other items screenprinted for sale.

From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.

[edit] Skills
A graphic design project may involve the stylization and presentation of existing text and either preexisting imagery or images developed by the graphic designer. For example, a newspaper story begins with the journalists and photojournalists and then becomes the graphic designer's job to organize the page into a reasonable layout and determine if any other graphic elements should be required. In a magazine article or advertisement, often the graphic designer or art director will commission photographers or illustrators to create original pieces just to be incorporated into the design layout. Contemporary design practice has been extended to the modern computer, for example in the use of WYSIWYG user interfaces, often referred to as interactive design, or multimedia design.

[edit] Visual arts
Main article: Visual arts
Before any graphic elements may be applied to a design, the graphic elements must be originated by means of visual art skills. These graphics are often (but not always) developed by a graphic designer. Visual arts include works which are primarily visual in nature using anything from traditional media, to photography or computer generated art. Graphic design principles may be applied to each graphic art element individually as well as to the final composition.

[edit] Typography
Main article: Typography
Typography is the art, craft and techniques of type design, modifying type glyphs, and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type is the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading (line spacing) and letter spacing.

Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art directors, and clerical workers. Until the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.

[edit] Page layout
Main article: Page layout
Page layout is the part of graphic design that deals in the arrangement and style treatment of elements (content) on a page. Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalog layouts, proper page design has long been a consideration in printed material. With print media, elements usually consist of type (text), images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that are not printed with ink such as die/laser cutting, foil stamping or blind embossing.

[edit] Interface design
Main article: User interface design
Graphic designers are often involved in interface design, such as web design and software design when end user interactivity is a design consideration of the layout or interface. Combining visual communication skills with the interactive communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with software developers and web developers to create both the look and feel of a web site or software application and enhance the interactive experience of the user or web site visitor. An important aspect of interface design is icon design.

[edit] Printmaking
Main article: Printmaking
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing on paper and other materials or surfaces. Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each piece is not a copy but an original since it is not a reproduction of another work of art and is technically known as an impression. Painting or drawing, on the other hand, create a unique original piece of artwork. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric plates for screen-printing. But there are many other kinds, discussed below. Works printed from a single plate create an edition, in modern times usually each signed and numbered to form a limited edition. Prints may also be published in book form, as artist's books. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques.

[edit] Chromatics
Chromatics is the field of how eyes perceive color and how to explain and organize those colors in the printer and on the monitor. The Retina in the eye is covered by two light-sensitive receptors that are named rods and cones. Rods are sensitive to light, but not sensitive to color. Cones are the opposite of rods. They are less sensitive to light, but color can be perceived.[9]

[edit] Tools

Examples of graphic design made on a computer, setting out various possibilities for a Wikimedia Commons project icon.One may consider the mind to be the most important graphic design tool. Aside from technology, graphic design requires judgment and creativity. Critical, observational, quantitative and analytic thinking are required for design layouts and rendering. If the executor is merely following a solution (e.g. sketch, script or instructions) provided by another designer (such as an art director), then the executor is not usually considered the designer.

In addition to making key content decisions, method of presentation (e.g. arrangement, style, medium) may be equally important to the design. The layout is produced using external traditional or digital image editing tools. Selecting the appropriate development and presentation tools for each project is critical in how the project will be perceived by its audience.

In the mid 1980s, the arrival of desktop publishing and graphic art software applications introduced a generation of designers to computer image manipulation and creation that had previously been manually executed. Computer graphic design enabled designers to instantly see the effects of layout or typographic, and to simulate the effects of traditional media without requiring a lot of space. However, traditional tools such as pencils or markers are often used to develop ideas even when computers are used for finalization. Indeed, a designer or art director may well hand sketch numerous concepts as part of the creative process. Some of these sketches may even be shown to a client for early stage approval, before moving on to develop the idea further using a computer and graphic design software tools.

Computers are generally considered to be an indispensable tool used in the graphic design industry. Computers and software applications are generally seen, by creative professionals, as more effective production tools than traditional methods. However, some designers continue to use manual and traditional tools for production, such as Milton Glaser.

New ideas can come by way of experimenting with tools and methods. Some designers explore ideas using pencil and paper to avoid creating within the limits of whatever computer fonts, clipart, stock photos, or rendering filters (e.g. Kai's Power Tools) are available on any particular configuration. Others use many different mark-making tools and resources from computers to sticks and mud as a means of inspiring creativity. One of the key features of graphic design is that it makes a tool out of appropriate image selection in order to convey meaning.[10]

[edit] Computers and the creative process
There is some debate whether computers enhance the creative process of graphic design.[11] Rapid production from the computer allows many designers to explore multiple ideas quickly with more detail than what could be achieved by traditional hand-rendering or paste-up on paper, moving the designer through the creative process more quickly.[12] However, being faced with limitless choices does not help isolate the best design solution and can lead to designers endlessly iterating without a clear design outcome.

A graphic designer may use sketches to explore multiple or complex ideas quickly[13] without the potential distractions of technical difficulties from software malfunctions or learning the software.[citation needed] Hand rendered comps are often used to get approval of an idea execution before investing time to produce finished visuals on a computer or in paste-up. The same thumbnail sketches or rough drafts on paper may be used to rapidly refine and produce the idea on the computer in a hybrid process. This hybrid process is especially useful in logo design[14] where a software learning curve may detract from a creative thought process. The traditional-design/computer-production hybrid process may be used for freeing one's creativity in page layout or image development as well.[citation needed] Traditional graphic designers employed computer-savvy production artists to produce their ideas from sketches, without needing to learn the computer skills themselves. However, this practice has been increasingly less common since the advent of desktop publishing over 30 years and its integration with graphic design courses.

[edit] Occupations
Main article: Graphic design occupations
Graphic design career paths cover all ends of the creative spectrum and often overlap. The main job responsibility of a Graphic Designer is the arrangement of visual elements in some type of media. The main job titles include graphic designer, art director, creative director, and the entry level production artist. Depending on the industry served, the responsibilities may have different titles such as "DTP Associate" or "Graphic Artist," but despite changes in title, graphic design principles remain consistent. The responsibilities may come from or lead to specialized skills such as illustration, photography or interactive design.

A graphic designer reports to the art director, creative director, senior media creative or creative director. As a designer becomes more senior, they may spend less time designing media and more time leading and directing other designers on broader creative activities, such as brand development and corporate identity development. As graphic designers become more senior, they are often expected to interact more directly with clients.

[edit] See also
Visual arts portal
[edit] Related disciplines
Architecture
Art director
Communication design
Copywriting
Creative direction
Desktop publishing
Design
Environmental graphic design
Industrial design
Information design
Instructional design
Interface design
Marketing communications
Motion design
New Media
Technical writing
Typography
Web graphic design

[edit] Related topics
List of notable graphic designers
List of graphic design institutions
Aesthetics
Color theory
Composition (visual arts)
Design principles and elements
European Design Awards
Graphic art software
Graphic design occupations
Graphics
Information graphics
Logotype
Professional web designers
Style guide
Visualization (computer graphics)
Value (colorimetry)
Newspaper
Paper
Pen

[edit] Footnotes
^ Currie, Nick. "Design Rockism". http://www.aiga.org/content.cfm/design-rockism.
^ Meggs, Philip B., 'A history of graphic design'. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983
^ “Printing” The Silk Road Foundation. Retrieved May 31, 2008..
^ “Graphic Design History” Article Cat. Retrieved May 31, 2008..
^ “Graphic Design History” Article Cat. Retrieved May 31, 2008..
^ “Graphic Design History” Article Cat. Retrieved May 31, 2008..
^ “Graphic Design History” Article Cat. Retrieved May 31, 2008..
^ Crouch, Christopher. 2000. Modernism in Art Design and Architecture, New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0312218303 (cloth) ISBN 031221832X (pbk)
^ Kaj Johansson, Peter Lundberg, and Robert Ryberg “A Guide To Graphic Print Production“ pp.36
^ Mike Rohde, [1] [2] Wall Street Journal Mention in Jeremy Wagstaff's Loose Wire, Retrieved 3-19-2007
^ www.designtalkboard.com [3] [4] retrieved 3-18-2007
^ Jann Lawrence Pollard and Jerry James Little, Creative Computer Tools for Artists: Using Software to Develop Drawings and Paintings, Nov 2001 Introduction
^ Jacci Howard Bear, desktoppub.about.com Retrieved 3-19-2008
^ Gregory Thomas, How to Design Logos, Symbols and Icons: 24 Internationally Renowned Studios Reveal How They Develop Trademarks for Print and New Media, April 2003, pp:48
[edit] Bibliography
Fiell, Charlotte & Peter (Editors). Contemporary Graphic Design. TASCHEN Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-5269-9
Wiedemann, Julius & Taborda, Felipe (Editors). Latin-American Graphic Design. TASCHEN Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8228-4035-1
[edit] External links
Design Encyclopedia (The)
Government Graphic Design Statistics
Graphic design job definitions
HOW Design Magazine
[edit] Graphic Design Professional Associations
Australian Graphic Design Association (AGDA)
Icograda (International Council of Graphic Design Associations)
AIGA | the professional association for design
RGD Ontario | Association of Registered Graphic Designers of Ontario
GDC | Society of Graphic Designers of Canada
Graphic Arts Guild
[hide]v • d • eVisualization of technical information

Fields Biological data visualization · Chemical imaging · Crime mapping · Data visualization · Educational visualization · Flow visualization · Geovisualization · Information visualization · Mathematical visualization · Medical imaging · Molecular graphics · Product visualization · Scientific visualization · Software visualization · Technical drawing · Volume visualization

Image types Chart · Computer graphics · Diagram · Graph of a function · Engineering drawing · Ideogram · Information graphics · Map · Photograph · Pictogram · Plot · Statistical graphics · Table · Technical drawings · Technical illustration

Experts Jacques Bertin · Stuart Card · Thomas A. DeFanti · Michael Friendly · Nigel Holmes · Alan MacEachren · Jock D. Mackinlay · Michael Maltz · Bruce H. McCormick · Charles Joseph Minard · Otto Neurath · William Playfair · Clifford A. Pickover · Arthur H. Robinson · Lawrence J. Rosenblum · Adolphe Quetelet · George G. Robertson · Ben Shneiderman · Edward Tufte

Related topics Cartography · Computer graphics · Graph drawing · Graphic design · Imaging science · Information science · Mental visualisation · Neuroimaging · Scientific modelling · Spatial analysis · Visual analytics · Visual perception

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_design"
Categories: Graphic design | Communication design
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